Estudio sobre la salud mental de una población de niños y niñas escolarizados desde la perspectiva epidemiológica / Study on the mental health of a population of school children from an epidemiological perspective

Resumen Se presentan resultados de una investigación empírica sobre problemas comportamentales en niños y niñas escolarizados entre 6 y 11 años. El objetivo principal es describir, desde la perspectiva epidemiológica, los problemas comportamentales de una muestra clínica (N = 395; edad: . = 7.92 y DE = 1.75) y de una muestra no clínica (N = 363; edad: . = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). Son objetivos específicos el analizar las diferencias por sexo y variables sociodemográficas en ambos contextos: clínico y no clínico. No se efectuó un estudio comparativo entre ambas muestras. Se administró el formulario Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) y una encuesta sociodemográfica a los adultos responsables. El análisis cuantitativo se efectuó mediante estudios de frecuencia, distribución y asociaciones entre variables con el objetivo de describir a ambas muestras desde el punto de vista de los resultados del CBCL y de las variables sociodemográficas. Se estudiaron asociaciones entre los valores de las escalas de síndromes del CBCL y las variables sociodemográficas mediante el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA). Se obtuvieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de problemas comportamentales y las condiciones socioeconómicas de la familia: a mayor vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y educativa, mayor deterioro en la salud mental infantil. Este estudio se encontró con la dificultad de las restricciones sanitarias por la pandemia de COVID-19 para continuar el trabajo de campo. Interesa replicar el estudio y considerar el impacto de la pandemia y el presunto deterioro de las variables sociodemográficas. Se debe priorizar la continuidad de una indagación sostenida para un seguimiento de la salud mental infantil.

Abstract This article shows the results of an empirical research study on behavioral and emotional problems in schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years old. From an epidemiological perspective the goal is to describe the behavioral problems of a clinical sample (N= 395, age: . = 7.92 y SD = 1.75) and a non-clinical sample (N = 363, age: M = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). The specific objectives are to analyze the differences by sex and possible sociodemographic variables in both clinical and non-clinical contexts. A comparative study between both samples is not carried out. We administered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a sociodemographic survey to the responsible adults. The quantitative analysis was carried out through studies of frequency, distribution and associations among variables in order to describe both samples from the point of view of the CBCL results and of the sociodemographic variables. In order to identify the possible sociodemographic conditioning factors in the childhood and youth psychopathology, we studied the associations among the CBCL syndrome scale scores and the different sociodemographic variables through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the clinical sample show mental health deterioration in boys and girls compared to previous studies. The increase of the internalizing and externalizing syndrome scores is significant. The prejudices and gender stereotypes constitute obstacles to gain access to mental health services in childhood, especially for girls whose psychological conditions may often go unnoticed. In the non-clinical sample, the gender distribution is even and the total average of average scores is lower compared to studies performed in other populations in previous years. In both samples we observe a significant relation between the psychological and behavioral problems and the socio-economic conditions of the family. The higher the educational and socio-economic vulnerability, the higher the deterioration of the children's mental health. The simultaneous study from the epidemiological perspective in both samples is necessary to detect psychopathological problems in childhood. This study encountered some limitations: the difficulty to continue the field work due to sanitary restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic. We want to replicate the study in both samples considering the impact of the pandemic and the alleged deterioration of the sociodemographic variables and family conditions. Another limitation has been the socio-economic homogeneity of the clinical sample. It would be useful in the future to include clinical samples that belong to other socioeconomic sectors who receive mental health care from private medical insurances or medical insurances run by labor unions. The shortage of epidemiological studies on emotional and behavioral problems in children and the lack of research work on the right to receive mental health care in childhood, indicate the absence of this topic in the political agenda. This deficit prevents the implementation of efficient programs to prevent and early detect mental health problems in children, to extend clinical care proposals in the community and to train professionals so that the programs can have an accurate impact on the population. It is a priority to continue the sustained inquiry in both populations in order to ensure the follow-up of the mental health conditions. Also, it would be useful to extend and deepen the analysis incorporating the examination of other family problems such as violence situations, consumption of psychoactive drugs, suicides and other loss situation.

Problemas internalizantes e externalizantes de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Internalizing and externalizing problems of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis / Problemas de internalización y externalización de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística

A fibrose cística é uma doença genética, ainda sem cura, provocada por mutações cromossômicas, que pode afetar vários sistemas, dentre os quais o respiratório e o digestivo são os mais comumente atingidos. O adoecimento crônico traz alterações psicológicas para os pacientes e seus cuidadores. Com o objetivo de avaliar problemas internalizantes e externalizantes, e também competências de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística, foram entrevistados 31 cuidadores familiares, majoritariamente mães de pacientes na faixa etária de 6 a 18 anos, em salas de espera de três centros de referência no tratamento da doença na cidade de São Paulo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e da Adolescência e diário de campo. Os resultados apontaram a prevalência de problemas internalizantes em adolescentes com fibrose cística. A análise do diário de campo indicou dificuldades na adesão ao tratamento e demandas de atendimento psicológico não assistidas em pacientes e seus cuidadores familiares. A ausência de profissional de Psicologia nas equipes multiprofissionais configurou-se como um prejuízo frente as condições psicológicas dos pacientes de fibrose cística e seus cuidadores familiares.(AU)

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, still without cure, caused by chromosomal mutations that can affect various systems, the respiratory and digestive systems being the most common. Chronic illness brings psychological changes to patients and their caregivers. Aiming to evaluate internalizing and externalizing problems, and competences of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, we interviewed 31 family caregivers, mostly mothers, of patients aged 6 to 18 years in waiting rooms of three Reference Centers in the treatment of the disease in the municipality of São Paulo, state of São Paulo. The instruments used were: Child behavior checklist and Field Diary. The results pointed out the prevalence of internalizing problems in patients with cystic fibrosis in adolescence. Field diary analysis indicated difficulties in adherence to treatment and unassisted demands for psychological care in patients and their family caregivers. The absence of a Psychology professional in the multiprofessional teams showed to be prejudicial to the psychological conditions of cystic fibrosis patients and their family caregivers.(AU)

La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad genética, aún sin cura, causada por mutaciones cromosómicas y que puede afectar varios sistemas, entre ellos los sistemas respiratorio y digestivo son los más comunes. La enfermedad crónica trae cambios psicológicos a los pacientes y sus cuidadores. Para evaluar los problemas de internalización y externalización, así como las competencias de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística, se entrevistó a 31 cuidadores familiares, en su mayoría madres de pacientes de 6 a 18 años de edad, en salas de espera de tres centros de referencia en el tratamiento de la enfermedad en la ciudad de São Paulo. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Inventario del Comportamiento de Niños y Adolescentes y diario de campo. Los resultados mostraron la prevalencia de problemas de internalización en pacientes con fibrosis quística en la adolescencia. El análisis del diario de campo indicó dificultades en la adherencia al tratamiento y demandas de asistencia psicológica no asistida en pacientes y sus cuidadores familiares. Se hace necesario un profesional de psicología en los equipos multiprofesionales ante las condiciones psicológicas de los pacientes con fibrosis quística y sus cuidadores familiares.(AU)

The prevalence of depressive disorders in school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of depressive disorders among school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing, the effect of age and gender on the prevalence, and the behavioral and emotional profiles of identified students with depressive disorders.Methods:The prevalence of depressive disorders in primary and secondary school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing from January 2012 to December 2014 was examined by a multistage stratified random sampling method.In the first stage, the Achenbach′s Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to identify high-risk children and adolescents.In the second stage, the high-risk group was further screened by Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), and then two psychiatrists made the final diagnosis according to the diagnostic criteria of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-Ⅳ). This study was a prospective epidemiological investigation.The effect of age and gender on the disease prevalence was analyzed by Chi- square test. Results:About 2.29% (234/10 215 cases) of the school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing had depressive disorders.The incidence of depressive disorders was 1.80% (106/5 866 cases) in boys and 2.94% (128/4 349 cases) in girls.There is an age effect on the prevalence of depression.As the age increases, the morbidity of depressive disorders increases.The age of 12 years was a critical turning point, and the peak incidence was reached at around the age of 15 years.The emotional and behavioral problems of patients with depressive disorders mainly include social problems, withdrawal depressed, anxiety and depressed, somatic complaints, and aggressive behavior.Conclusions:The prevalence of depressive disorders among school students aged 6-16 years in Beijing is 2.29%.Depressive disorders occur in primary and middle school students of all ages.More attention should be paid to the mood of students before and after the entrance exams for junior high school and senior middle school, especially the girls′ mood.In the process of screening, diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders, the atypical symptoms of depression need to be paid more attention.

Problemas de Salud Mental en Niños con Fisura Labiopalatina / Mental Health Problems in Children with a Lip-Palatal Fissure

Los niños que padecen enfermedades genéticas son una población vulnerable para desarrollar problemas de salud mental. Una de las anomalías congénitas más frecuentes es la fisura labiopalatina (FLAP). Objetivo: Estudiar el impacto a nivel familiar del diagnóstico de FLAP. Metodología: Alcance exploratorio, de diseño cuantitativo y corte transversal. Se construyó un cuestionario autoadministrado compuesto por un consentimiento informado, un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, el Child Behavior CheckList y preguntas abiertas. El muestreo fue intencional y la muestra fue de 42 casos. Resultados: El diagnóstico de una fisura labio palatina es una experiencia difícil en los padres, quienes viven este momento de manera negativa, con tristeza y miedo. Sin embargo, los niños pequeños con FLAP presentan niveles de salud mental similares a la población general.

Children with genetic diseases are a vulnerable population in the development of mental health problems. The cleft lip and palate (FLAP) is one of the most common congenital anomalies. Objective: To study the impact at family level of the FLAP diagnosis. Methodology: Exploratory and quantitative design and cross-sectional scope. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of an informed consent, a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Child Behavior CheckList and open questions, was constructed. The sampling was intentional and composed by 42 cases. Results: The diagnosis of a cleft palatal lip is a difficult experience in parents, who experience this moment in a negative way, with sadness and fear. Nevertheless, children with FLAP present similar levels of mental health with general populatio.

Perfil de desregulación definido mediante el instrumento Child Behavior Checklist en preescolares / Dysregulation profile defined by Child Behavior Checklist in a sample of preschool children

INTRODUCCIÓN: El perfil de desregulación (PD) es una entidad clínica de interés en el área infantojuvenil, puesto que se asocia a psicopatología futura. El PD se define a partir del instrumento Child Beha vior Checklist (CBCL), combinando síntomas internalizantes (ansiedad/depresión) y externalizantes (agresividad, problemas de atención). OBJETIVO: Estudiar la frecuencia del perfil de PD por CBCL en una muestra de preescolares chilenos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se aplicó una encuesta sociodemográfica y Cuestionario CBCL 1% - 5 a cuidadores de niños entre 30 y 48 meses de edad, en una muestra representativa nacional de usuarios de red pública. Se estimó la frecuencia utilizando el método de Kim y colaboradores y se realizó un modelo explicativo mediante regresión logística binaria del PD utilizando variables del cuidador, del niño y del contexto. RESULTADOS: La muestra fue de 1429 pre escolares y sus cuidadores. La frecuencia de PD fue de 11,6% (IC 95% 9,9-13,5%). Las variables que permiten predecir el PD en un 88,6% fueron: Síntomas depresivos actuales en el cuidador principal (OR: 2,24; IC95%: 1,37-3,67); Número de eventos vitales estresantes vividos por el cuidador principal (p = 0,005); Número de elementos disponibles para estimulación en el hogar (p = 0,001); Número de enfermedades crónicas del niño (p = 0,006). CONCLUSIONES: PD tiene una frecuencia alta en preesco lares, lo que implica una carga en salud mental relevante, apuntando a la necesidad de intervenciones en esta área, además de seguimiento longitudinal de esta subpoblación.

INTRODUCTION: The dysregulation profile (DP) is a relevant clinical entity in the children and ado lescent area since its association with future psychopathology. DP is defined by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), combining internalizing symptoms (anxiety/depression) and externalizing ones (aggressiveness, attention problems). OBJECTIVES: To study the frequency of CBCL-DP in a sample of Chilean preschoolers. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A sociodemographic survey and CBCL 1.5-5 was applied to caregivers of children aged 30 to 48 months in a national representative sample of public health system users. Frequency was estimated using the Kim et al. method and an explanatory model was made using binary logistic regression of DP using the child, caregiver, and contextual variables. RESULTS: The sample size was n = 1,429 preschool children and their caregivers. The frequency of DP was 11.6% (95% CI 9.9-13.5%). The variables that allow to classify DP in 88.6% of cases were: current depressive symptoms in the main caregiver (OR: 2.24; 95% CI 1.37-3.67); number of stressful events experienced by the main caregiver (p = 0.005); number of available elements for child development stimulation in the home (p = 0.001); number of chronic diseases of the child (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: DP has a high frequency in preschoolers, which implies a relevant mental health burden. This finding points to the need for interventions in this area and also longitudinal monitoring of this subgroup.

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gender difference and its co morbidity among urban school children in a city of southern Rajasthan, India

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders of childhood (3-5%). The main characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. 'The Objective of this study was to study prevalence of ADHD in school aged children.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive school-based study was conducted in a private school of Udaipur from January 2017 to September 2018.' All eligible students were included. Total 1200 students were enrolled. They were assessed for the presence of ADHD using INCLEN diagnostic tool and those found positive were further assessed for the presence of co-morbid conditions using child behavior checklist (CBCL).Results: In present study out of total 1200 students 730(60.83%) were male and 470(39.17%) were female. 76 (6.3%) students out of 1200 were ADHD Positive. ADHD was more common in male students (73.7%), urban locality (57.89%), in age group 6 to 9 years (44.7%) and higher economic class (46.1%). Hyperactivity-Impulsivity type was most common type (51.32%). Male students had predominance of hyperactivity (60.7%) whereas in female student's inattention type was predominant (45%). Aggressive Behavior (19.6%) and rule breaking behavior (80.4%) was more common in male. Somatic complaints were more common in females (60%). Oppositional defiant disorder was observed in male (21.4%) and female (10%) students. 15.8% of ADHD students had learning disorder.Conclusions: Present study shows 6.3% prevalence of ADHD. Hyperactivity type of ADHD was more common in boys, while Inattention type was more common in girls. Among associated co morbid conditions - aggressive behavior, rule breaking behavior and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was found to be more prevalent in boys while anxious behavior, somatic complaints and social problems were more commonly found in girls. Thought problems, learning disorders and conduct disorders are also observed in ADHD students.

A Validation Study of the Korean Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Non-Autism Spectrum Disorder

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the discriminant validity and the clinical cut off scores of the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL 1.5-5) in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and non-ASD. METHODS: In total, 104 ASD and 441 non-ASD infants were included in the study. T-test, discriminant analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and odds ratio analysis were performed on the data. RESULTS: The discriminant validity was confirmed by mean differences and discriminant analysis on the subscales of Emotionally reactive, Somatic complaints, Withdrawn, Sleep problems, Attention problems, Aggressive behavior, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, and Total problems, along with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-oriented scales between the two groups. ROC analysis showed that the following subscales significantly separated ASD from normal infants: Emotionally reactive, Somatic complaints, Withdrawn, Sleep problems, Attention problems, Aggressive behavior, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total problems, and DSM pervasive developmental problems. Moreover, the clinical cut off score criteria adopted in the Korean-CBCL 1.5-5 were shown to be valid for the subscales Withdrawn, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total problems, and DSM pervasive developmental problems. CONCLUSION: The subscales of Withdrawn, Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total problems, and DSM pervasive developmental problems significantly discriminated infants with ASD.

Internet addiction and its correlation with behavioral problems and functional impairments - A cross-sectional study / Dependência de internet e sua correlação com sintomas comportamentais e prejuízos funcionais - Um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate the prevalence of internet addiction (IA) among adolescents, as well as characterize behaviors that are considered to be a risk in this population regarding the use and addiction of the Internet. Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted in one public and one private school 91 adolescents, aged 12 to 16 years old, responded the Internet Addiction Test - Brazilian version (IAT) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results The prevalence of internet addiction found was 21%, with no difference between private and public schools. On the group dependent on the Internet, there was a statistically significant correlation with Anxiety/Depression, Withdrawn/Depression, Rule Breaking Behavior and Aggressive Behavior, as well as the syndrome scales Social Problems, Thought Problems and Attention Problems. Conclusion Our study provides evidence of a relationship between internet addiction and behavioral problems among adolescents. As this is a cross-sectional study, we consider that future research is necessary to corroborate our results.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência da dependência de internet entre adolescentes, assim como caracterizar comportamentos de risco nessa população em relação ao uso e à dependência de internet. Métodos Estudo transversal analítico realizado em dois colégios, um público e um particular, com 91 adolescentes de idade entre 12 e 16 anos, que responderam aos questionários Internet Addiction Test - versão brasileira (IAT) e Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Resultados Entre a população estudada, a prevalência de dependência de internet encontrada foi de 21%, não havendo diferença entre as escolas pública e particular. No grupo dependente de internet, houve relação estatisticamente significativa com os sintomas Ansiedade/Depressão, Isolamento/Depressão e Comportamento Agressivo e de Quebrar Regras. As escalas Problemas Sociais, Problemas de Pensamento e Problemas de Atenção também se correlacionam à dependência de internet. Conclusão O presente estudo demonstra evidência de correlação entre a dependência de internet e sintomas comportamentais entre adolescentes. Por se tratar de um estudo transversal, contudo, esses dados devem ser vistos com cautela e pesquisas futuras são necessárias para corroborar nossos resultados.

Association between Quantitative Electroencephalography Findings and Cognitive-Behavioral Characteristics in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder : A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between the wave form in quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and the cognitive and behavioral characteristics measured by the Korean version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition (K-WISC-IV), Korean version of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale (K-ARS), and Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) in children diagnosed with ADHD. METHOD: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on children aged 8 to 13 years, who were diagnosed with ADHD at Samsung Medical Center from November 2011 to March 2017. A total of 57 ADHD children were selected by a medical chart review. Their QEEG findings and psychological test results, including K-WISC-IV, K-CBCL, and K-ARS (n=42), were collected. The QEEG was analyzed by the ranges of Hz: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), and beta (12–25 Hz) and transformed to the z-scored relative power. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson and Partial correlation analysis. RESULTS: The Letter-Number Sequencing scores of K-WISC was positively correlated with fronto-central alpha. The hyperactivity/impulsivity scores of K-ARS were positively correlated with the theta/beta ratio. Among the items of K-CBCL, social immaturity was positively correlated with delta and theta, and negatively correlated with alpha. Social competence was negatively correlated delta and theta, and positively correlated with alpha. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the resting state QEEG results of children with ADHD may reflect their cognitive and behavioral characteristics, especially in working memory/executive function, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and sociality.

Related factors of aggressive behavior among school aged children in Nanjing / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To study the distribution and related factors of aggressive behavior among school aged children in Nanjing.Methods:Totally 4678 primary school students in Nanjing were sampled by cluster random sampling in this study.The General questionnaire and Achenbach's child Behavior Checklist were used to investi gate the general situation and aggressive behavior.Results:The rate of aggressive behavior of school-age children in Nanjing was 3.6 ％ (167/4678).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that democratic parenting style [other parenting styles (OR =1.94,95％ CI =1.10-3.42),mixed parenting style(OR =1.96,95％ CI =1.35-2.85)],and genetic screening before birth (OR =0.71,95％ CI =0.52-0.99) were protective factors for children's aggressive behavior.The factor figures of aggressive behavior were positively correlated with that of oth er behavior problems in Pearson correlation analysis (r =0.52-0.80,Ps ＜0.01).Conclusion:About 3.6％ of the school aged children in Nanjing have aggressive behavior.It is more likely to have aggressive behaviors for children who is in other parenting styles except the democratic style and never have the genetic screening before birth.And children who with aggressive behavior may co-occur with other behavior problems.

Sociodemographic Characteristics, Behavioral Problems, Parental Concerns and Children's Strengths Reported by Parents / Características Sociodemográficas, Problemas Comportamentais, Preocupações e Qualidades das Crianças relatadas por Pais / Características Sociodemográficas, Problemas Conductuales, Preocupaciones y Cualidades de Niños Relatadas por Padres

Abstract: Parental report is essential to understand adaptive difficulties in childhood. The aim of the study was to identify concerns of parents and qualities of children reported by parents, as well as the association of these variables with sociodemographic factors and child behavior problems. Parents of 353 schoolchildren from three public schools and one private school took part in the study. Assessment of behavior problems and parental reports about concerns and children's strengths were obtained from the Child Behavior Checklist - CBCL. We submitted parents' answers to the open-ended questions in the CBCL to a lexical analysis with the IRAMUTEQ software. Results concerning 'strengths' were related to affective and social interaction, while 'concerns' were related to academic performance and prevention of behavior problems. We concluded that parent concerns are targets of preventive interventions in childhood, while child strengths reported by parents are skills that need to be developed, as they help in adaptive functioning.

Resumo: O relato de pais é essencial na compreensão de dificuldades adaptativas na infância. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar preocupações dos pais e qualidades dos filhos, relatadas pelos pais, bem como a associação dessas variáveis com fatores sociodemográficos e problemas de comportamento das crianças. Participaram 353 pais de alunos de três escolas públicas e uma escola privada. A avaliação de problemas de comportamento dos filhos e o relato dos pais sobre preocupações e qualidades foram obtidos com o Inventário de Comportamentos para Crianças e Adolescentes - CBCL. As respostas às questões abertas do CBCL foram submetidas à análise lexical no software IRAMUTEQ. Resultados sobre qualidades da criança foram relacionados à interação afetiva e social. As preocupações foram relacionadas a desempenho acadêmico e prevenção de problemas de comportamento. Concluímos que as preocupações relatadas são indicativas de alvos para intervenções preventivas e as qualidades, se desenvolvidas, poderão auxiliar no funcionamento adaptativo.

Resumen: El relato de padres es esencial para la comprensión de dificultades adaptativas de niños. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar preocupaciones y cualidades relatadas por padres y verificar sus asociaciones con fatores sociodemográficos y problemas de conducta. Fueron participantes 353 padres de alumnos de cuatro escuelas públicas y una privada. La evaluación de problemas de comportamiento de los hijos y el relato de los padres sobre preocupaciones y cualidades fueron obtenidos con la Lista de Comportamientos para Niños y Adolescentes (CBCL). Conducimos un análisis lexical de las respuestas a las preguntas abiertas de la CBCL mediante el software IRAMUTEQ. Los resultados sobre las cualidades del niño fueron relacionados con la interacción afectiva y social. Las preocupaciones estuvieron relacionadas al desempeño académico y la prevención de problemas de comportamiento. Concluimos que las preocupaciones de los padres indican metas para intervenciones preventivas en la infancia, mientras que las cualidades, si desarrolladas, podrán auxiliar el funcionamento adaptativo.

Consistencia interna y validez de criterio de la versión mexicana del Child Behavior Checklist 1. 5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5) / Internal consistency and criterion validity and reliability of the Mexican Version of the Child Behavior Checklist 1. 5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5)

Objetivo: Investigar la consistencia interna y la validez de la versión mexicana de la lista de síntomas de niños de 1,5 a 5 años de edad del Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5-5) que mide la psicopatología más común en niños preescolares en el contexto clínico y epidemiológico. Pacientes y método: Diseño transversal, comparativo, en una muestra de 438 padres de 2 grupos: clínico-psiquiátrico (n = 62) y comunitario (n = 376). Se aplicó el instrumento CBCL/1,5-5 adaptado al lenguaje español coloquial mexicano. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, prueba de Feldt y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: La consistencia interna para las subescalas fue elevada para problemas totales α = 0,95, internalizados α = 0,89, externalizados α = 0,91. El test-retest mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue mayor a 0,95 para las subescalas de problemas internalizados, externalizados y totales. La curva de Receiver Operating Characteristic, para el criterio de los grupos referido-clínicamente frente a no-referido para la escala total de problemas ≥ 24 resultó en un área bajo la curva 0,77, especificidad 0,73 y sensibilidad 0,70. Conclusiones: El CBCL/1,5-5/versión mexicana es un instrumento válido y confiable.

Objective: To investigate the validity and internal consistency of the Mexican version of the CBCL/1.5-5 that assesses the most common psychopathology in pre-school children in clinical and epidemiological settings. Patients and method: A total of 438 parents from two groups, clinical-psychiatric (N= 62) and community (N= 376) completed the CBCL/1.5-5/Mexican version. Results: The internal consistency was high for total problems α=0.95, and internalized α=0.89 and externalized α=0.91 subscales. The test re-test (one week) using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was ≥ 0.95 for the internalized, externalized, and total problems subscales. The ROC curve for the criterion status of clinically-referred vs. non-referred using the total problems scale ≥ 24 resulted in an AUC (area under curve) of 0.77, a specificity 0.73, and a sensitivity of 0.70. Conclusions: The CBCL/1.5-5/Mexican version is a reliable and valid tool.

Sono e comportamento em crianças atendidas em um serviço de psicologia / Sleep and behavior in children assisted in a psychology service / El sueño y el comportamiento en los niños atendidos en un servicio de psicología

Problemas de sono são frequentes na infância e podem causar prejuízos à criança. Há uma associação possível entre distúrbios de sono infantil e problemas de comportamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as relações entre problemas internalizantes e externalizantes e problemas de sono em crianças da faixa pré-escolar, avaliadas por suas mães pelo Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1½-5 anos), quando estas buscaram atendimento em uma clínica-escola de psicologia. Participaram do estudo 83 mães de crianças (sendo seus filhos: 58 meninos e 25 meninas) cujas idades variaram entre 2 e 5 anos. Análises indicaram que 29% das crianças apresentavam problemas com o sono, entre os quais, os mais frequentes foram "não querer dormir sozinho" e "resistir a ir para a cama". Os dados sugeriram ainda uma associação entre problemas de sono e comportamentos internalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05) e externalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05).

Sleep problems are common in childhood and can cause damage in children. There is a possible association between childhood sleep disorders and behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between internalizing and externalizing problems and sleep problems in children of pre-school age, assessed by their mothers through the Child Behavior Checklist ( CBCL1 ½ -5 years) when seeking care at a clinic school psychology . The study included 83 mothers of children (and their children were: 58 boys and 25 girls) whose ages ranged between 2 and 5 years. Analysis indicated that 29 % of children had sleep problems among which the most frequent were "not wanting to sleep alone" and "resist the bed". The data also suggested an association between sleep problems and internalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) and externalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) behaviors.

Los problemas del sueño son comunes en la infancia y pueden causar daños en los niños. Existe una posible asociación entre los trastornos del sueño de la infancia y los problemas de comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los problemas de internalización y externalización y los trastornos del sueño en niños en edad preescolar, evaluados por sus madres por medio del Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1 ½ -5 años) cuando buscaban tratamiento en una clínica-escuela de psicología. El estudio incluyó a 83 madres y sus hijos (y sus niños: 58 niños y 25 niñas), con edades comprendidas entre los 2 y 5 años. El análisis indicó que 29% de los hijos tenían problemas de sueño entre los cuales los más frecuentes fueron "no querer dormir solo" y "resistir a la cama". Los datos también sugieren una asociación entre los trastornos del sueño y comportamientos de internalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) y de externalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05).

Emotional and behavioral problems in children living with addicted family members: prevention challenges in an underprivileged suburban community / Problemas emocionais e comportamentais de crianças que convivem com familiares dependentes químicos: desafios de prevenção em uma comunidade suburbana desfavorecida / Problemas emocionales y de comportamiento en niños que viven con familiares adictos: desafios de prevención en una comunidad suburbana desfavorecida

Children living with substance abusers are more likely to experience negative outcomes. Our goal was to compare caregivers' reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a socioeconomic and risk form of psychological aspects of children exposed to substance abuse assisted versus not assisted by a preventive intervention program in an underprivileged community. This observational intervention study was conducted with 66 caregivers of children who attended the program and 35 caregivers of children from the same community who did not attend. Ages ranged between six and 11 years old. Chi-square and logistic regression tests indicate that children exposed to substance abusers have more mental health problems than the general population and those who did not participate in the preventive intervention program presented worse outcomes, with higher rates of behavioral/emotional problems and exposure to risk situations. Results suggest that preventive actions might be helpful to promote the mental health of children at risk, validating the need for public policies and services

Crianças que convivem com usuários de substâncias psicoativas são mais propensas a apresentar problemas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, a partir dos relatos dos cuidadores no Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) e numa ficha de dados sociodemográficos e de fatores de risco, aspectos psicológicos de crianças expostas ao abuso de substâncias assistidas e não assistidas por um programa de intervenção preventiva, em uma comunidade desfavorecida. O estudo observacional de intervenção foi conduzido com 66 cuidadores de crianças que passaram pela intervenção e 35 da mesma comunidade que não foram atendidas. A faixa etária era de seis a 11 anos. Os testes qui-quadrado e regressão logística indicaram que as crianças expostas ao abuso de substâncias apresentaram mais problemas de saúde mental do que a população geral e que aquelas que não participaram do programa preventivo apresentaram desfechos piores, com escores mais elevados de problemas emocionais/comportamentais e maior exposição a situações de risco. Sugere-se que ações preventivas podem contribuir para a promoção de saúde mental em crianças em situação de risco, validando a necessidade de políticas e serviços públicos.

Los niños que viven con consumidores de drogas son más propensos a tener problemas. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar, a partir de los informes de los cuidadores en el Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) y en una hoja de datos sociodemográficos y de factores de riesgo, aspectos psicológicos de niños expuestos al abuso de sustancias, con y sin la asistencia de un programa de intervención preventiva en una comunidad desfavorecida. Este estudio de intervención observacional fue realizado con 66 cuidadores de niños que pasaron por la intervención y 35 de la misma comunidad que no fueron atendidos. Las idades oscilaran entre seis y 11 años. Las pruebas de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística indicaron que los niños expuestos al abuso de sustancias tenían más problemas de salud mental en comparación con la población general y que aquellos que no participan del programa de prevención tuvieron peores resultados, con una puntuación más alta de problemas emocionales y de conducta y una mayor exposición al riesgo. Se sugiere que las acciones preventivas puedan contribuir a la promoción de la salud mental en los niños en situación de riesgo y se valida la necesidad de políticas y servicios públicos.

Analysis of psychological behavior features of different sexual children with oppositional defiant disorder / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the psychological behavior features between different sexual children with oppositional defiant disorder(ODD).Methods The subjects were sampled from grade 1 to 5 in a primary school in Ji-nan,Shandong Province.According to the diagnosed criteria,42 pupils were diagnosed ODD,which was the study group,and 556 pupils without ODD became the control group.The pupils and their families were investigated and as-sessed by using Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).Results According to CBCL,there was extremely sig-nificantly higher score of depression,obsessive -compulsive,hyperactive,aggressive,interpersonal behaviors in ODD boys [(5.00 ±3.73)scores,(4.88 ±3.65)scores,(5.21 ±3.49)scores,(1 0.1 0 ±6.85)scores,(2.88 ±1 .99) scores]than those in healthy control group [(1 .65 ±2.61 )scores,(1 .91 ±2.65)scores,(2.46 ±2.63)scores, (3.95 ±4.52)scores,(1 .34 ±1 .61 )scores](t =4.31 ,3.90,4.76,4.33,4.40;P =0.000,0.000,0.001 ,0.000, 0.000).There was significantly higher score of symptoms of somatization,indiscipline,schizoid -like behaviors in ODD boys with [(2.38 ±2.50)scores,(2.63 ±2.70)scores,(3.1 7 ±2.35)scores]than those in healthy control group [(0.85 ±1 .63)scores,(0.1 3 ±1 .76)scores,(1 .51 ±1 .72)scores](t =2.94,2.85,3.37;P =0.007,0.009, 0.002).There was extremely significantly higher score of depression,communication disorder behaviors in ODD girls [(5.44 ±4.1 2)scores,(3.1 1 ±2.93)scores]than those in healthy control group with [(2.50 ±3.34)scores, (1 .36 ±2.08)scores](t =3.57,3.38;P =0.000,0.001 ).A significantly higher score of hyperactive,aggression, cruelty behaviors in ODD girls [(4.67 ±4.41 )scores,(9.33 ±7.82)scores,(1 .1 7 ±1 .79)scores]than those in healthy control group [(1 .87 ±2.38)scores,(3.1 9 ±4.08)scores,(0.24 ±0.66)scores](t =2.67,3.30,2.1 8;P =0.01 6,0.004,0.043).Conclusions According to CBCL,there were more psychological behavior problems in ODD children than healthy children.A significantly higher difference was found in different gender.

Temporal Changes of Psychosocial Status in Neuroblastoma Survivors Over Time / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The survival rate of all childhood cancers has been increasing, and latent effects on childhood cancer survivors have been gaining researchers' attention. It has been shown that childhood cancer survivors experience social maladaptation and a decreased quality of life. Although neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid cancers in childhood, there are few reports on psychosocial status in neuroblastoma survivors. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal changes in psychosocial status in neuroblastoma survivors. METHODS: This study was conducted by undertaking retrospective chart reviews of neuroblastoma survivors that were treated between January 1997 and February 2016 at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Among the 54 survivors identified, data for 28 patients who underwent psychological evaluation before and after treatment completion were selected for further analysis. We compared intelligence score, Korea-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), and Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC) scores before and after treatment completion. Time derivatives for each variable were calculated to identify temporal changes in scores. RESULTS: After treatment completion, K-CBCL scores for total competence (t=−2.34, p=0.044), somatic complaints (t=−2.43, p=0.022), and thought problems (t=−3.03, p=0.006) were higher than the scores prior to treatment. Familial relationship in K-PRC was significantly improved after treatment (t=2.11, p=0.045). Time derivatives of the significant K-CBCL subscales, except for the withdrawal and externalizing symptom scores, showed a tendency to increase with time. CONCLUSION: Although familial relationship and social competence improved after treatment, the levels of somatic complaints and thought problems increased following neuroblastoma treatment.

Reliability of Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher's Report Form in a Sample of Brazilian Children / Confiabilidad de la Lista de chequeo de comportamiento infantil y la forma de reporte de profesores en una muestra de niños brasileros

Instruments comprising the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment are widely used worldwide to assess behavior problems in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to assess the temporal stability of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher's Report Form (TRF), administered to parents and teachers of school-aged children, respectively. Temporal stability was assessed based on intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). High test-retest reliability was observed for both CBCL and TRF (0.87 - 0.91 and 0.62 - 0.8 for total behavior scale, respectively). These findings suggest that both instruments remained stable over the one-year period assessment, revealing the stability of the instrument and corroborating the findings of previous international studies.

Los instrumentos que conforman el Sistema de Evaluación Empírica de Achenbach son ampliamente utilizados en todo el mundo para evaluar los problemas de conducta en niños y adolescentes . El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la estabilidad temporal de la Child Behavior Checklist ( CBCL ) y el Formulario de Informe del profesor ( TRF) , administrado a los padres y maestros de niños en edad escolar, respectivamente. La estabilidad temporal se evaluó con base en el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI ) . Una alta fiabilidad test -retest se observó tanto para el CBCL y TRF ( 0,870,91 y 0,62-0,80 para la escala total del comportamiento, respectivamente) . Estos resultados sugieren que ambos instrumentos se mantuvo estable durante el período de un año evaluado, lo que sugiere la estabilidad del instrumento y corroboran los hallazgos de estudios internacionales previos.

Relationship between problem behavior and father-child relationship in 4-6-year-old children / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between problem behaviorand father-child relationship in 4-6-year-oldchildren. Methods:Totally 102 children were recruited in a kindergarten in Beijing,with 36 aged four,36 aged five,30 aged six and 55 being boys and 47 being girls. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)was used to measure preschoolers'problem behaviors,and Family Relations Index (FRI)was adopted to assess children's rela-tionship with their fathers. Results:There were 41,49,and 12 children being classified as negative,neutral and posi-tive father-child relation respectively. Kruskal-Wallis Test revealed that there was no significant difference in scores of 3 CBCL subtests and 8 factors (P>0. 05 )among 4-,5-,and 6-year-old children. Children with negative father-child relationship scored higher on CBCL problem behavior subtests than those with neutral father-child relationship[30. 5 (7. 0,58. 0)vs. 16. 0 (0. 0,69. 0),P<0. 05 ]. They alsoscored higher on withdrawn behavior than children with neutralor positive father-child relationship [3. 0 (0. 0,4. 0)vs. 1. 0 (0. 0,6. 0),1. 0 (0. 0,4. 0),P<0. 05] . Mann-Whitney U Test manifested that boys scored higher in attention problem than girls (P<0. 0 1 ),but no gen-der difference was found in the other problem behaviors. Kruskal-Wallis Test showed that boys with negative father-child relationship scored higher than those with neutral father-child relationship on problem behavior subtest,anxie-ty-depression,attention problem,and internalized problem (Ps<0. 05 ). Boys with negative father-child relationship scored higher than those with neutraland positivefather-child relationship on withdrawn behavior (Ps <0. 05 ). No difference was found whether in CBCL subtests or problem behavior factors for girls with different types of father-child relationship. Conclusion:It suggests that the children with negative father-child relationship display more problem behavior and withdrawn symptoms;boys have more attention problems than girls;compared with girls, boys'problem behavior may be more closely related to therelationship with their father.

Gender Differences of Direct and Relational Aggression in Children and Adolescents / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the gender differences of direct aggression and relational aggression in Korean elementary and middle school students. METHODS: Parents of 946 elementary school students(age 9.54±1.72 years, 485 boys, 461 girls) completed the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL). Six-hundred-and-three middle school students(age 13.98±0.93 years, 301 boys, 302 girls) completed the Youth Self-Report(YSR). Independent t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used. RESULTS: Boys had significantly higher direct aggression scores than girls in elementary school students(p<0.001). There was no significance gender difference of relational aggression in elementary school students(p=0.235). In middle school students, boys had significantly higher direct aggression than girls(p=0.017), and girls had significantly higher relational aggression compared to the boys(p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the presence of gender differences in manifestation of aggression subtypes in Korean elementary and middle school students. These gender differences should be taken into account in prevention and intervention approaches of aggression in children and adolescents.

The Korean Version of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist: Psychometric Properties in Korean School-aged Children

Psychosocial problems increase the risk for mental health problems and increase the need for health care services in children and adolescents. Primary care practice is a valuable avenue for identifying the need for more specialized mental health care. We hypothesized that Korean version of the pediatric symptom checklist (PSC) would be a useful tool for early detection of psychosocial problems in children and adolescents in Korea and we aimed to suggest cut-off scores for detecting meaningful psychosocial problems. A total of 397 children with their parents and 97 child patients with their parents were asked to complete the PSC Korean version and the child behavior checklist (CBCL). The internal reliability and test-retest reliability of the PSC as well as the cut-off score of the PSC was determined via receiver operating characteristic analysis of the CBCL score, clinical group scores and non-clinical group scores. The internal consistency of the PSC-Korean version was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95). The test-retest reliability was r = 0.73 (P or = 60) and presence of clinical diagnosis, the recommended cut-off score of the PSC was 14. Using 494 Korean children aged 7-12 yr, the current study assessed the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the PSC and suggested a cut-off for recommending further clinical assessment. The present results suggest that the Korean version of the PSC has good internal consistency and validity using the standard of CBCL scores.